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Susquehanna Bank

How Conestogo Ontario Got Its Name

Anybody who knows anything about the Waterloo Region in Ontario knows that the first white settlers in the area were Mennonites. A steady stream of Mennonite families migrated early in the 1800s to the Waterloo area from Lancaster County Pennsylvania.

These people started communities in the rich agricultural land along the Grand River - communities which would eventually become Preston, Galt, Waterloo and Kitchener. A number of smaller villages were also started in the period from 1800 to 1840. One of these communities was, and still is, Conestogo in Woolwich Township just north of the present-day city of Waterloo.

Although the historical record speaks of a town in Lancaster County (Pennsylvania) called "Conestoga", that town only existed in name by the time the Mennonites were emigrating to Canada. As I mention elsewhere, "Conestoga Indian Town" was the Indian village where the remnants of the Susquehannock nation resided from roughly the early 1700s till the few remaining members (then called "Conestogas" were slaughtered by white vigilantes called the "Paxton Boys". That happened in 1763, well before area Mennonites started moving to Canada.

Some historians suggest that the natives commonly called "Susquehannocks" may actually have referred to themselves as "Conestoga" because this is the name they chose when they migrated back to form their ancestral village on the banks of the Conestoga River. They had been dispersed early in the 1700s by warring tribes but reunited in their ancient homeland sometime around 1750.

It is commonly accepted that the name "Conestoga" is derived from the Iroquoian word "Kanastoge" meaning "at the place of the immersed pole". The name "Susquehannock" on the other hand was a term used in the early 1600s by an Algonquian interpreter (from a rival tribe) to describe the people living in the area of the river that was eventually called the Susquehanna. That term means "People of the Falls" or "People of the Muddy River" - a reference to the significant falls at a major point in the Susquehanna River more or less central to their ancient homeland.

It was common practice early in the occupation of the Americas for native nations to call themselves (in their native tongue of course) something like "the people". They in turn would call other native tribes by a name (often derogatory) associated with some feature of their location, their habits, their customs or their dress.

The term "iroquois" for example was probably derived from an insulting name used by the Huron natives when referring to the Iroquois. In Algonquin "iroqu" meant rattle snakes. The French (who were allies of the Hurons) gave it the "-ois" ending, and the name has been applied to the Iroquois ever since. The Iroquois refer to themselves as the Haudenosaunee.

There is some controversy as to the exact location of the Indian village called "Conestoga". Eventually the term came to denote an area, and more accurately, a river - the Conestoga River. In any event, the early Pennsylvania Mennonite settlers of Waterloo County (in Ontario) did not name the village of Conestogo after the Indian village in Pennsylvania. It was the river in Waterloo County that was first called the Conestoga River. The village of Conestoga came later. And the change of spelling to Conestogo came even later.

The definitive version of how this happened is taken from Ezra Eby's "A Biographic History of Waterloo Township". The event took place in 1806. This was just a few years after the first Mennonite settlers started arriving in the Waterloo region from Lancaster County. Two men from the Lancaster Mennonite community were scoping out the northern part of the Waterloo area. Their purpose was to see for themselves what potential lay there for themselves and others back in Lancaster County. Here is how it is described by Ezra Eby (local residents of the Waterloo region will recognize many of these names):

"Benjamin Eby and Henry Brubacher, two young men from Lancaster County, arrived at George Eby's, who had settled on the old J. Y. Shantz farm a little to the south-east of Berlin on the 24th day of May, 1806. They came on horseback. The object of their coming was to make a thorough inspection of the nature of the country in which their relatives had so largely invested.

"During the first week in June {1806} these two parties in company with George Eby made a trip through the northern part of this Township and Woolwich. They left old Abraham Erb's place early in the morning and made a trip through the dense forest northward, crossing what are now the farms of Joseph M. Weber, Menno S. Weber and Moses Shantz.

"They crossed into Woolwich a little west of Martins Meeting House and made their way straight across the farms of Aaron S. Shantz, Paul Martin and Levi Cress, arriving on the south side of the Conestogo River about fifteen rods below where now is the St. Jacobs Bridge and E. W. B. Snider's Roller mills.

"Here Benjamin Eby made the remark that this stream with its beautiful rising on the north side, bears a strong resemblance to their Conestogo in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to which George Eby replied, "Then this stream shall be called 'The Conestogo,'" which name it has borne ever since."

Just a note on the use of the spelling "Conestogo" (with an "o"). I believe this is probably a mistake on the part of Ezra Eby. In fact the original spelling was "Conestoga" (with an "a") until it was changed in 1865 by the Conestoga(o) Postmaster of the day. Since Eby was writing in 1895-1896 he would have been familiar with the "o" version of the name.

The village of Conestogo(a) came somewhat later, in roughly 1830. It was established by its founder David Musselman who purchased the land where the original village now stands, and built the first sawmill in Woolwich on Spring Creek (in roughly 1840). Then in 1844 he dammed the Conestoga River and built the first flour mill in Woolwich. "Conestoga" was an appropriate name for the village because it is located where the Conestogo River flows into the Grand.

Perhaps more research into the pre-white settlement of the area around Conestogo will be done in the near future. This land was passed in the late 1700s and early 1800s to the Pennsylvania Mennonites through a transfer from Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant the leader of the Six Nation Grand River settlement.

The lands along the Grand River had been granted to the Six Nations by the British Crown after the American Revolutionary War. The Crown had purchased them from the Mississaugas. If there is an account, however sketchy, of the history of the Mississaugas and other native tribes in the Waterloo Ontario area, I hope to find it.

About the Author

Rick Hendershot writes about Canadian history and culture with a special interest in Canadian
First Nations history
and the impact of First Nations culture on Canadian society.

How do you get from Philadelphia's 30th St Station to the Susquehanna Bank Center in Camden, NJ?

(Via public transportation)

Well since the ferry has stopped running from Philly to Camden for the winter, your limited options are even more limited.

Take the Market Frankford El to 13th St. There catch the NJ Transit 404 bus to Walter Rand Transportation Center in Camden. From there it's about a 10-15 minute walk to the waterfront where the Susquehanna Bank Center. Head down MLK towards the Philly skyline. Make a left on Front St. and then a right on Harbor. This is not a good neighborhood to walk through, and I definitely wouldn't do it at night.

I would pony up the cash and take a cab. It will be much quicker and safer. However, it may be difficult to get a cab in Camden that late at night.

COLDPLAY, 5/26/09, Susquehanna Bank Center, NJ